Children whose mothers experienced depression around the time of pregnancy were more likely to need special education support later on, according to a large study from Wales published this week. The risk was higher still among children whose mothers took antidepressants during pregnancy.
Researchers linked health and education records for more than 160,000 Welsh children born between 2009 and 2016 and followed them until the children were about six years old on average. About 20 percent of children whose mothers had neither depression nor antidepressant use required special education services.
That figure rose to 23.6 percent among children whose mothers had depression but were not prescribed medication, and to 26.5 percent among those whose mothers had depression and took an antidepressant.
What the Numbers Mean and What They Do Not
The study’s lead researcher, Saraid McIlvride of the University of Glasgow, noted that the findings cannot show whether the medication itself caused the higher rates or whether they simply reflect more severe depression that led doctors to prescribe antidepressants. Because the research is observational, it can identify associations but cannot prove cause and effect. Shared genetics, family circumstances, and other factors may also play a role.
Earlier studies have found links between maternal depression and emotional, behavioral, ADHD-related, and autism-related symptoms in children. A 2025 review of 12 studies reported higher odds of an autism diagnosis when mothers experienced depression before, during, or after pregnancy.
Another large analysis this year of antidepressant use across hundreds of thousands of pregnancies found elevated risks of developmental disorders that largely weakened once researchers accounted for underlying mental illness and family factors.
Untreated Depression Also Carries Risks
Leaving depression untreated is not without consequences. Severe depression can make it harder for a pregnant woman to eat well, sleep, and keep prenatal appointments. It has also been linked to premature birth and low birth weight. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises against stopping mental health medication solely because of pregnancy and recommends that treatment decisions be made case by case, weighing the risks of both treatment and untreated illness.
Looking Ahead for Families
Research that connects early maternal health to a child’s later learning needs can leave parents with quiet questions about what support might help as their child grows. Some families find that structured help with communication, emotional regulation, and everyday skills gives their child a stronger foundation once those questions arise.
If that feels relevant to your situation, reach out by phone or through the form on this page. A member of our team will take the time to hear what is happening and help you decide on practical next steps.
